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  13.         Lab 2: OS main components - HackMD

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  37.     <div id="doc" class="markdown-body container-fluid comment-enabled" data-hard-breaks="true"><h1 id="Lab-2-OS-main-components" data-id="Lab-2-OS-main-components"><a class="anchor hidden-xs" href="#Lab-2-OS-main-components" title="Lab-2-OS-main-components"><span class="octicon octicon-link"></span></a><span>Lab 2: OS main components</span></h1><h2 id="Environment-Preparation" data-id="Environment-Preparation"><a class="anchor hidden-xs" href="#Environment-Preparation" title="Environment-Preparation"><span class="octicon octicon-link"></span></a><span>Environment Preparation</span></h2><ol>

  38. <li><span>Ensure that you enabled EFI standard of booting. How did you check this?</span></li>

  39. </ol><hr><h2 id="Exercise-1-GPT-partition" data-id="Exercise-1-GPT-partition"><a class="anchor hidden-xs" href="#Exercise-1-GPT-partition" title="Exercise-1-GPT-partition"><span class="octicon octicon-link"></span></a><span>Exercise 1: GPT partition</span></h2><ul>

  40. <li><span>Check the currently connected storage devices</span><pre><code>$ fdisk -l

  41. </code></pre>

  42. <span>Locate the bootable device on your machine from the output</span><pre><code>Disk /dev/sda: 931,53 GiB, 1000204886016 bytes, 1953525168 sectors

  43. Disk model: WDC WD10EZEX-60M

  44. Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes

  45. Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 4096 bytes

  46. I/O size (minimum/optimal): 4096 bytes / 4096 bytes

  47. Disklabel type: gpt

  48. Disk identifier: F3C9420A-67A8-4E94-B0E1-F0CED23135AC

  49. </code></pre>

  50. </li>

  51. </ul><h3 id="MBR-Dump-and-Analysis" data-id="MBR-Dump-and-Analysis"><a class="anchor hidden-xs" href="#MBR-Dump-and-Analysis" title="MBR-Dump-and-Analysis"><span class="octicon octicon-link"></span></a><span>MBR Dump and Analysis</span></h3><ul>

  52. <li>

  53. <p><span>MBR starts at logical block address (LBA) 0 of the GPT layout. Use dd to dump the first 512 bytes from LBA 0.</span></p>

  54. <pre><code>$ sudo dd if=/dev/sda bs=512 count=1 skip=0 &gt; lba.0

  55. </code></pre>

  56. <blockquote>

  57. <p><span>The </span><code>if</code><span> option specifies the disk  we want to dump from, </span><code>bs</code><span> indicates the LBA size, </span><code>count</code><span> specifies how many LBAs we want to dump, and </span><code>skip</code><span> indicates the sector we will start the dump from.</span></p>

  58. </blockquote>

  59. </li>

  60. <li>

  61. <p><span>Use hexedit to view the MBR dump.</span></p>

  62. <pre><code>$ hexedit lba.0

  63. </code></pre>

  64. <pre><code>000001B0   00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00  ................

  65. 000001C0   02 00 EE FF  FF FF 01 00  00 00 AF 6D  70 74 00 00  ...........mpt..

  66. 000001D0   00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00  ................

  67. 000001E0   00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00  ................

  68. 000001F0   00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00  00 00 55 AA  ..............U.

  69. </code></pre>

  70. <blockquote>

  71. <p><span>At index </span><code>1BE</code><span>, the value </span><code>00</code><span> indicates that it is not a bootable MBR device.</span><br>

  72. <code>00 02 00</code><span> (</span><code>512</code><span> in decimal) indicates where the GPT header is located.</span></p>

  73. </blockquote>

  74. </li>

  75. </ul><h3 id="GPT-Header-Dump-and-Analysis" data-id="GPT-Header-Dump-and-Analysis"><a class="anchor hidden-xs" href="#GPT-Header-Dump-and-Analysis" title="GPT-Header-Dump-and-Analysis"><span class="octicon octicon-link"></span></a><span>GPT Header Dump and Analysis</span></h3><ul>

  76. <li>

  77. <p><span>GPT header starts from LBA 1. Use dd to dump the 512 bytes in sector 1:</span></p>

  78. <pre><code>$ sudo dd if=/dev/sda bs=512 count=1 skip=1 &gt; lba.1

  79. </code></pre>

  80. </li>

  81. <li>

  82. <p><span>View the GPT dump with hexedit</span></p>

  83. <pre><code>$ hexedit lba.1

  84. </code></pre>

  85. <pre><code>00000000   45 46 49 20  50 41 52 54  00 00 01 00  5C 00 00 00  EFI PART....\...

  86. 00000010   A6 5A 8D 0B  00 00 00 00  01 00 00 00  00 00 00 00  .Z..............

  87. 00000020   AF 6D 70 74  00 00 00 00  22 00 00 00  00 00 00 00  .mpt....".......

  88. 00000030   8E 6D 70 74  00 00 00 00  0A 42 C9 F3  A8 67 94 4E  .mpt.....B...g.N

  89. 00000040   B0 E1 F0 CE  D2 31 35 AC  02 00 00 00  00 00 00 00  .....15.........

  90. 00000050   80 00 00 00  80 00 00 00  FB B5 7D D9  00 00 00 00  ..........}.....

  91. 00000060   00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00  ................

  92. </code></pre>

  93. <blockquote>

  94. <p><span>Notice</span><code>45 46 49 20  50 41 52 54</code><span> or </span><code>EFI PART</code><span> identifies this as an EFI-compatible GPT header.</span></p>

  95. </blockquote>

  96. <blockquote>

  97. <p><span>Additional material</span><br>

  98. <span>GUID Partition Table </span><a href="http://www.ntfs.com/guid-part-table.htm" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span>http://www.ntfs.com/guid-part-table.htm</span></a></p>

  99. </blockquote>

  100. </li>

  101. </ul><h3 id="Questions-to-answer" data-id="Questions-to-answer"><a class="anchor hidden-xs" href="#Questions-to-answer" title="Questions-to-answer"><span class="octicon octicon-link"></span></a><span>Questions to answer</span></h3><ol>

  102. <li><span>What is fdisk utility used for?</span></li>

  103. <li><span>Show the bootable device(s) on your machine, and identify which partition(s) are bootable.</span></li>

  104. <li><span>What is logical block address?</span></li>

  105. <li><span>Why did we specify the </span><code>count</code><span>, the </span><code>bs</code><span>, and the </span><code>skip</code><span> options when using dd?</span></li>

  106. <li><span>Why does a GPT formatted disk have the MBR?</span></li>

  107. <li><span>Name two differences between primary and logical partitions in an MBR partitioning scheme</span></li>

  108. </ol><h2 id="Exercise-2---UEFI-Booting" data-id="Exercise-2---UEFI-Booting"><a class="anchor hidden-xs" href="#Exercise-2---UEFI-Booting" title="Exercise-2---UEFI-Booting"><span class="octicon octicon-link"></span></a><span>Exercise 2 - UEFI Booting</span></h2><p><span>The Unified Extensible Firmware Interface Specification describes an interface between the operating system and the platform firmware.</span></p><h3 id="1-Boot-sequence" data-id="1-Boot-sequence"><a class="anchor hidden-xs" href="#1-Boot-sequence" title="1-Boot-sequence"><span class="octicon octicon-link"></span></a><span>1. Boot sequence</span></h3><ul>

  109. <li>

  110. <p><span>Platform initialization to prepare the hardware (memory, storage devices, peripherals).</span></p>

  111. </li>

  112. <li>

  113. <p><span>Power on Self Test (POST)</span></p>

  114. </li>

  115. <li>

  116. <p><span>The firmware has the BootEntry variables in the NVRAM (non-volatile random-access memory). This contains a list of bootable devices and programs on the computer.</span><br>

  117. <span>The BootOrder is the sequence that the firmware will check for system boot files.</span><br>

  118. <span>To view the boot entry on a UEFI enabled system, run </span><code>efibootmgr -v</code></p>

  119. <pre><code>$ efibootmgr -v

  120. BootCurrent: 0012

  121. Timeout: 1 seconds

  122. BootOrder: 0012,0010,0011,000D,0001,0009,0008,0000,0002

  123. Boot0000* Windows Boot Manager	VenHw(99e27c00cb...)WINDOWS.........x...B.C.D.O.B.J.E.C.T.=.{.9.d.e.a.8.6.2.c.-.5.c.d.d.-.4.e.7.0.-.a.c.c.1.-.f.3.2.b.3.4.4.d.4.7.9.5.}...a................

  124. Boot0001* debian	VenHw(99e275eb...)

  125. Boot0002* ubuntu	VenHw(99e27b...)

  126. Boot0008* Generic Usb Device	VenHw(99e275b...)

  127. Boot0009* CD/DVD Device	VenHw(99e275cb...)

  128. Boot000D* Realtek PXE B01 D00	BBS(Network,,0x0)..BO

  129. Boot0010* TOSHIBA DT01ACA050                LENOVO	BBS(HD,,0x0)..BO

  130. Boot0011* TOSHIBA HDWD130	BBS(HD,,0x0)..BO

  131. Boot0012* ubuntu	HD(2,GPT,14fc7215-4232-53ac-dbd0-9a1e007acead,0x1000,0x100800)/File(\EFI\Ubuntu\shimx64.efi)..BO

  132. </code></pre>

  133. <p><span>From the output above, shim is going to be loaded first on the system.</span></p>

  134. <blockquote>

  135. <p><span>Shim is the pre-bootloader that runs on UEFI systems. It is signed by Microsoft, and it is used to load the “real” bootloader: GRUB.</span></p>

  136. </blockquote>

  137. </li>

  138. <li>

  139. <p><span>The firmware validates and loads the shim binary.</span></p>

  140. <pre><code>$ ls -lah /boot/efi/EFI/ubuntu/

  141. </code></pre>

  142. </li>

  143. <li>

  144. <p><span>Shim then loads GRUB bootloader.</span></p>

  145. <blockquote>

  146. <p><span>Shim reads the partition table of the storage and mounts the EFI System Partition (ESP). The EFI partition is typically mounted at </span><code>/boot/efi/</code><span> on Ubuntu and all specific Ubuntu files are located at </span><code>/boot/efi/EFI/ubuntu/</code><span>.</span></p>

  147. </blockquote>

  148. <pre><code>$ ls -lah /boot/efi/

  149. </code></pre>

  150. </li>

  151. <li>

  152. <p><span>The UEFI boot manager selects the GRUB file located at </span><code>/boot/efi/EFI/ubuntu/grub*.efi</code><span> and runs it.</span></p>

  153. <blockquote>

  154. <p><span>The user will be prompted to select an application to run if there are other UEFI applications in the ESP root directory.</span></p>

  155. </blockquote>

  156. </li>

  157. <li>

  158. <p><span>GRUB will determine which operating system kernel to start based on the configuration. The operating system kernel is loaded into memory and the control of the system is transferred to it.</span></p>

  159. <blockquote>

  160. <p><span>GRUB provides more compatibility for UEFI firmware. When loaded, GRUB can boot kernel images from all devices, partitions, and file systems it supports without being restricted to the capabilities of UEFI (FAT). GRUB also gives users the privilege to make changes during boot time which includes: modifying initrd, changing boot entries, and selecting kernels.</span><br>

  161. <img src="https://i.imgur.com/iQ0TaxG.png" alt="" loading="lazy"></p>

  162. </blockquote>

  163. </li>

  164. <li>

  165. <p><span>Once loaded, the kernel will disable the firmware’s Boot Services.</span></p>

  166. </li>

  167. </ul><h3 id="Questions-to-answer1" data-id="Questions-to-answer"><a class="anchor hidden-xs" href="#Questions-to-answer1" title="Questions-to-answer1"><span class="octicon octicon-link"></span></a><span>Questions to answer</span></h3><ol>

  168. <li><span>Why is Shim used to load the GRUB bootloader?</span></li>

  169. <li><span>Can you locate your grub configuration file? Show the path.</span></li>

  170. <li><span>According to the boot order, what is the third boot device on your computer? How did you check this?</span></li>

  171. </ol><h2 id="Exercise-3-Filesystem" data-id="Exercise-3-Filesystem"><a class="anchor hidden-xs" href="#Exercise-3-Filesystem" title="Exercise-3-Filesystem"><span class="octicon octicon-link"></span></a><span>Exercise 3: Filesystem</span></h2><ul>

  172. <li><span>View filesystem of block devices</span><pre><code>$ lsblk -f

  173. </code></pre>

  174. </li>

  175. <li><span>View all </span><code>/dev</code><span> filesystems</span><pre><code>$ ls -lah /dev

  176. </code></pre>

  177. </li>

  178. <li><span>View memory info from the </span><code>/proc</code><span> filesystem</span><pre><code>$ cat /proc/meminfo

  179. </code></pre>

  180. </li>

  181. </ul><h3 id="Questions-to-answer2" data-id="Questions-to-answer"><a class="anchor hidden-xs" href="#Questions-to-answer2" title="Questions-to-answer2"><span class="octicon octicon-link"></span></a><span>Questions to answer</span></h3><ol>

  182. <li><span>How many inodes are in use on your system?</span></li>

  183. <li><span>What is the filesystem type of the EFI partition?</span></li>

  184. <li><span>What device is mounted at your root </span><code>/</code><span> directory? Show proof.</span></li>

  185. <li><span>What is your partition UUID?</span></li>

  186. <li><span>Show at least two methods of viewing the UUID of a block device.</span></li>

  187. <li><span>What is the function of </span><code>/dev/zero</code><span>?</span></li>

  188. </ol></div>

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  196. <li><a href="#Lab-2-OS-main-components" title="Lab 2: OS main components">Lab 2: OS main components</a><ul class="nav">

  197. <li><a href="#Environment-Preparation" title="Environment Preparation">Environment Preparation</a></li>

  198. <li><a href="#Exercise-1-GPT-partition" title="Exercise 1: GPT partition">Exercise 1: GPT partition</a><ul class="nav">

  199. <li><a href="#MBR-Dump-and-Analysis" title="MBR Dump and Analysis">MBR Dump and Analysis</a></li>

  200. <li><a href="#GPT-Header-Dump-and-Analysis" title="GPT Header Dump and Analysis">GPT Header Dump and Analysis</a></li>

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  204. <li><a href="#Exercise-2---UEFI-Booting" title="Exercise 2 - UEFI Booting">Exercise 2 - UEFI Booting</a><ul class="nav">

  205. <li><a href="#1-Boot-sequence" title="1. Boot sequence">1. Boot sequence</a></li>

  206. <li><a href="#Questions-to-answer1" title="Questions to answer">Questions to answer</a></li>

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  209. <li><a href="#Exercise-3-Filesystem" title="Exercise 3: Filesystem">Exercise 3: Filesystem</a><ul class="nav">

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  223. <li><a href="#Environment-Preparation" title="Environment Preparation">Environment Preparation</a></li>

  224. <li><a href="#Exercise-1-GPT-partition" title="Exercise 1: GPT partition">Exercise 1: GPT partition</a><ul class="nav">

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  230. <li><a href="#Exercise-2---UEFI-Booting" title="Exercise 2 - UEFI Booting">Exercise 2 - UEFI Booting</a><ul class="nav">

  231. <li><a href="#1-Boot-sequence" title="1. Boot sequence">1. Boot sequence</a></li>

  232. <li><a href="#Questions-to-answer1" title="Questions to answer">Questions to answer</a></li>

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  244.     <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/jquery/3.1.1/jquery.min.js" integrity="sha256-hVVnYaiADRTO2PzUGmuLJr8BLUSjGIZsDYGmIJLv2b8=" crossorigin="anonymous"></script>

  245.     <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/twitter-bootstrap/3.3.7/js/bootstrap.min.js" integrity="sha256-U5ZEeKfGNOja007MMD3YBI0A3OSZOQbeG6z2f2Y0hu8=" crossorigin="anonymous" defer></script>

  246.     <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/gist-embed/2.6.0/gist-embed.min.js" integrity="sha256-KyF2D6xPIJUW5sUDSs93vWyZm+1RzIpKCexxElmxl8g=" crossorigin="anonymous" defer></script>

  247.     <script>

  248.         var markdown = $(".markdown-body");

  249.         //smooth all hash trigger scrolling

  250.         function smoothHashScroll() {

  251.             var hashElements = $("a[href^='#']").toArray();

  252.             for (var i = 0; i < hashElements.length; i++) {

  253.                 var element = hashElements[i];

  254.                 var $element = $(element);

  255.                 var hash = element.hash;

  256.                 if (hash) {

  257.                     $element.on('click', function (e) {

  258.                         // store hash

  259.                         var hash = this.hash;

  260.                         if ($(hash).length <= 0) return;

  261.                         // prevent default anchor click behavior

  262.                         e.preventDefault();

  263.                         // animate

  264.                         $('body, html').stop(true, true).animate({

  265.                             scrollTop: $(hash).offset().top

  266.                         }, 100, "linear", function () {

  267.                             // when done, add hash to url

  268.                             // (default click behaviour)

  269.                             window.location.hash = hash;

  270.                         });

  271.                     });

  272.                 }

  273.             }

  274.         }

  275. 

  276.         smoothHashScroll();

  277.         var toc = $('.ui-toc');

  278.         var tocAffix = $('.ui-affix-toc');

  279.         var tocDropdown = $('.ui-toc-dropdown');

  280.         //toc

  281.         tocDropdown.click(function (e) {

  282.             e.stopPropagation();

  283.         });

  284. 

  285.         var enoughForAffixToc = true;

  286. 

  287.         function generateScrollspy() {

  288.             $(document.body).scrollspy({

  289.                 target: ''

  290.             });

  291.             $(document.body).scrollspy('refresh');

  292.             if (enoughForAffixToc) {

  293.                 toc.hide();

  294.                 tocAffix.show();

  295.             } else {

  296.                 tocAffix.hide();

  297.                 toc.show();

  298.             }

  299.             $(document.body).scroll();

  300.         }

  301. 

  302.         function windowResize() {

  303.             //toc right

  304.             var paddingRight = parseFloat(markdown.css('padding-right'));

  305.             var right = ($(window).width() - (markdown.offset().left + markdown.outerWidth() - paddingRight));

  306.             toc.css('right', right + 'px');

  307.             //affix toc left

  308.             var newbool;

  309.             var rightMargin = (markdown.parent().outerWidth() - markdown.outerWidth()) / 2;

  310.             //for ipad or wider device

  311.             if (rightMargin >= 133) {

  312.                 newbool = true;

  313.                 var affixLeftMargin = (tocAffix.outerWidth() - tocAffix.width()) / 2;

  314.                 var left = markdown.offset().left + markdown.outerWidth() - affixLeftMargin;

  315.                 tocAffix.css('left', left + 'px');

  316.             } else {

  317.                 newbool = false;

  318.             }

  319.             if (newbool != enoughForAffixToc) {

  320.                 enoughForAffixToc = newbool;

  321.                 generateScrollspy();

  322.             }

  323.         }

  324.         $(window).resize(function () {

  325.             windowResize();

  326.         });

  327.         $(document).ready(function () {

  328.             windowResize();

  329.             generateScrollspy();

  330.         });

  331. 

  332.         //remove hash

  333.         function removeHash() {

  334.             window.location.hash = '';

  335.         }

  336. 

  337.         var backtotop = $('.back-to-top');

  338.         var gotobottom = $('.go-to-bottom');

  339. 

  340.         backtotop.click(function (e) {

  341.             e.preventDefault();

  342.             e.stopPropagation();

  343.             if (scrollToTop)

  344.                 scrollToTop();

  345.             removeHash();

  346.         });

  347.         gotobottom.click(function (e) {

  348.             e.preventDefault();

  349.             e.stopPropagation();

  350.             if (scrollToBottom)

  351.                 scrollToBottom();

  352.             removeHash();

  353.         });

  354. 

  355.         var toggle = $('.expand-toggle');

  356.         var tocExpand = false;

  357. 

  358.         checkExpandToggle();

  359.         toggle.click(function (e) {

  360.             e.preventDefault();

  361.             e.stopPropagation();

  362.             tocExpand = !tocExpand;

  363.             checkExpandToggle();

  364.         })

  365. 

  366.         function checkExpandToggle () {

  367.             var toc = $('.ui-toc-dropdown .toc');

  368.             var toggle = $('.expand-toggle');

  369.             if (!tocExpand) {

  370.                 toc.removeClass('expand');

  371.                 toggle.text('Expand all');

  372.             } else {

  373.                 toc.addClass('expand');

  374.                 toggle.text('Collapse all');

  375.             }

  376.         }

  377. 

  378.         function scrollToTop() {

  379.             $('body, html').stop(true, true).animate({

  380.                 scrollTop: 0

  381.             }, 100, "linear");

  382.         }

  383. 

  384.         function scrollToBottom() {

  385.             $('body, html').stop(true, true).animate({

  386.                 scrollTop: $(document.body)[0].scrollHeight

  387.             }, 100, "linear");

  388.         }

  389.     </script>

  390. </body>

  391. 

  392. </html>