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  196. </head>

  197. <body>

  198. <div id="content" class="content">

  199. <h1 class="title">Lab 1 Amirlan Sharipov (BS21-CS-01)</h1>

  200. <div id="table-of-contents" role="doc-toc">

  201. <h2>Table of Contents</h2>

  202. <div id="text-table-of-contents" role="doc-toc">

  203. <ul>

  204. <li><a href="#org7571a9d">1. About this document</a></li>

  205. <li><a href="#orgf4668cc">2. Exercise 1</a></li>

  206. <li><a href="#orge29640a">3. Questions</a>

  207. <ul>

  208. <li><a href="#orge1aa2bd">3.1. Using hostname command:</a></li>

  209. <li><a href="#orgfd20bdc">3.2. Arch Linux.</a></li>

  210. <li><a href="#orge186e45">3.3. The root directory is &ldquo;/&rdquo;</a></li>

  211. <li><a href="#orgc55cfc1">3.4. /bin/bash vs /bin/sh</a></li>

  212. <li><a href="#org78ddece">3.5. Bash manual</a></li>

  213. <li><a href="#org65d1d72">3.6. Linux distributions I want to try</a>

  214. <ul>

  215. <li><a href="#orgf7d803e">3.6.1. NixOS</a></li>

  216. <li><a href="#org2fdefff">3.6.2. Gentoo Linux</a></li>

  217. <li><a href="#org9c9b380">3.6.3. Artix Linux</a></li>

  218. <li><a href="#org1bf8e90">3.6.4. LFS</a></li>

  219. <li><a href="#org896f88e">3.6.5. Alpine Linux</a></li>

  220. </ul>

  221. </li>

  222. <li><a href="#orgc4925a6">3.7. POSIX</a></li>

  223. <li><a href="#org520649a">3.8. Advantages of POSIX standards</a></li>

  224. <li><a href="#org7b5efac">3.9. Slackware vs Debian</a></li>

  225. <li><a href="#org12183b1">3.10. uname -a</a></li>

  226. </ul>

  227. </li>

  228. </ul>

  229. </div>

  230. </div>

  231. 

  232. <div id="outline-container-org7571a9d" class="outline-2">

  233. <h2 id="org7571a9d"><span class="section-number-2">1.</span> About this document</h2>

  234. <div class="outline-text-2" id="text-1">

  235. <p>

  236. I use Org mode in Emacs to write documents and will use it throughout the course.

  237. It has a super useful feature: it can evaluate the code on the fly and save results in the buffer.

  238. Also it&rsquo;s easy to use latex inside Org mode. That&rsquo;s why I will use Org mode for this course.

  239. If there are any problems with that, please report in the comments in Moodle.

  240. </p>

  241. </div>

  242. </div>

  243. 

  244. <div id="outline-container-orgf4668cc" class="outline-2">

  245. <h2 id="orgf4668cc"><span class="section-number-2">2.</span> Exercise 1</h2>

  246. <div class="outline-text-2" id="text-2">

  247. <p>

  248. Code:

  249. </p>

  250. <div class="org-src-container">

  251. <pre class="src src-bash">lsb_release -a

  252. </pre>

  253. </div>

  254. 

  255. <pre class="example">

  256. -e LSB Version:	n/a

  257. -e Distributor ID:	Arch

  258. -e Description:	Arch Linux

  259. -e Release:	rolling

  260. -e Codename:	n/a

  261. </pre>

  262. 

  263. 

  264. <p>

  265. Code:

  266. </p>

  267. <div class="org-src-container">

  268. <pre class="src src-bash">whoami

  269. </pre>

  270. </div>

  271. 

  272. <pre class="example">

  273. rinri

  274. </pre>

  275. 

  276. 

  277. <p>

  278. Code:

  279. </p>

  280. <div class="org-src-container">

  281. <pre class="src src-bash">users

  282. </pre>

  283. </div>

  284. 

  285. <pre class="example">

  286. rinri

  287. </pre>

  288. 

  289. 

  290. <p>

  291. Code:

  292. </p>

  293. <div class="org-src-container">

  294. <pre class="src src-bash"><span style="color: #c792ea;">pwd</span>

  295. </pre>

  296. </div>

  297. 

  298. <pre class="example">

  299. /home/rinri/edu/sna

  300. </pre>

  301. 

  302. 

  303. <p>

  304. Code:

  305. </p>

  306. <div class="org-src-container">

  307. <pre class="src src-bash"><span style="color: #c792ea;">ls</span> -la

  308. </pre>

  309. </div>

  310. 

  311. <pre class="example">

  312. total 224

  313. drwxr-xr-x  2 rinri users   4096 Feb  2 15:47 .

  314. drwxr-xr-x 25 rinri users   4096 Feb  2 14:13 ..

  315. -rw-r--r--  1 rinri users  20424 Feb  2 16:32 lab1.html

  316. -rw-r--r--  1 rinri users   6592 Feb  2 16:32 lab1.org

  317. -rw-r--r--  1 rinri users 190030 Feb  2 15:45 lab1.pdf

  318. </pre>

  319. 

  320. 

  321. <p>

  322. Code:

  323. </p>

  324. <div class="org-src-container">

  325. <pre class="src src-bash"><span style="color: #c792ea;">cd</span> ~/library

  326. <span style="color: #c792ea;">ls</span> -la

  327. </pre>

  328. </div>

  329. 

  330. <pre class="example" id="org95787e4">

  331. total 17260

  332. drwxr-xr-x   2 rinri users    4096 Jan  8 10:47 .

  333. drwx--x---+ 74 rinri users    4096 Feb  2 16:31 ..

  334. -rw-r--r--   1 rinri users 6556637 Jan  8 10:47 Andrew S. Tanenbaum - Modern Operating Systems.pdf

  335. lrwxrwxrwx   1 rinri users      38 Aug  3  2022 cormen-algos.pdf -&gt; /home/rinri/data/docs/cormen-algos.pdf

  336. lrwxrwxrwx   1 rinri users      93 Aug  3  2022 genki -&gt; /home/rinri/data/docs/Banno E., Ikeda Y., Ohno Y., Shinagawa Ch., Tokashiki K. - Genki - 2020

  337. -rw-r--r--   1 rinri users  213363 Jan  8 10:47 ipfs-p2p-file-system.pdf

  338. -rwxr-xr-x   1 rinri users      66 Aug  3  2022 library.sh

  339. -rw-r--r--   1 rinri users 2658531 Jan  8 10:47 Stroustrup B. - A Tour of C++ - Second Edition - 2018.pdf

  340. -rw-r--r--   1 rinri users 8220353 Jan  8 10:47 TRENCH_FREE_DIFFEQ_I.PDF

  341. </pre>

  342. 

  343. <p>

  344. Code:

  345. </p>

  346. <div class="org-src-container">

  347. <pre class="src src-bash"><span style="color: #c792ea;">cat</span> /etc/shells

  348. </pre>

  349. </div>

  350. 

  351. <pre class="example">

  352. # Pathnames of valid login shells.

  353. # See shells(5) for details.

  354. 

  355. /bin/sh

  356. /bin/bash

  357. /bin/zsh

  358. /usr/bin/zsh

  359. /usr/bin/git-shell

  360. /bin/dash

  361. </pre>

  362. 

  363. 

  364. <p>

  365. Code:

  366. </p>

  367. <div class="org-src-container">

  368. <pre class="src src-bash"><span style="color: #c792ea;">echo</span> <span style="color: #c3e88d;">"</span><span style="color: #f78c6c;">$</span><span style="color: #ffcb6b;">SHELL</span><span style="color: #c3e88d;">"</span>

  369. </pre>

  370. </div>

  371. 

  372. <pre class="example">

  373. /bin/zsh

  374. </pre>

  375. </div>

  376. </div>

  377. 

  378. <div id="outline-container-orge29640a" class="outline-2">

  379. <h2 id="orge29640a"><span class="section-number-2">3.</span> Questions</h2>

  380. <div class="outline-text-2" id="text-3">

  381. </div>

  382. <div id="outline-container-orge1aa2bd" class="outline-3">

  383. <h3 id="orge1aa2bd"><span class="section-number-3">3.1.</span> Using hostname command:</h3>

  384. <div class="outline-text-3" id="text-3-1">

  385. <p>

  386. Code:

  387. </p>

  388. <div class="org-src-container">

  389. <pre class="src src-bash">hostname

  390. </pre>

  391. </div>

  392. 

  393. <pre class="example">

  394. akemi

  395. </pre>

  396. </div>

  397. </div>

  398. 

  399. <div id="outline-container-orgfd20bdc" class="outline-3">

  400. <h3 id="orgfd20bdc"><span class="section-number-3">3.2.</span> Arch Linux.</h3>

  401. <div class="outline-text-3" id="text-3-2">

  402. <p>

  403. It&rsquo;s a rolling-release distribution. That&rsquo;s why there is no &ldquo;version&rdquo;. I&rsquo;ve been using it for several years. Used lsb_release -a command to check the info.

  404. </p>

  405. </div>

  406. </div>

  407. 

  408. <div id="outline-container-orge186e45" class="outline-3">

  409. <h3 id="orge186e45"><span class="section-number-3">3.3.</span> The root directory is &ldquo;/&rdquo;</h3>

  410. </div>

  411. 

  412. <div id="outline-container-orgc55cfc1" class="outline-3">

  413. <h3 id="orgc55cfc1"><span class="section-number-3">3.4.</span> /bin/bash vs /bin/sh</h3>

  414. <div class="outline-text-3" id="text-3-4">

  415. <p>

  416. /bin/bash is a path to the bash shell. Whereas /bin/sh, on most of the systems, is a symbolic link to a POSIX-compliant shell. In many cases, it&rsquo;s linked to bash. On my machine, it&rsquo;s dash (it&rsquo;s usually faster if the script is POSIX-compliant)

  417. </p>

  418. 

  419. <p>

  420. Code:

  421. </p>

  422. <div class="org-src-container">

  423. <pre class="src src-bash"><span style="color: #c792ea;">ls</span> -l /bin/sh

  424. </pre>

  425. </div>

  426. 

  427. <pre class="example">

  428. lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 4 Jul  3  2022 /bin/sh -&gt; dash

  429. </pre>

  430. </div>

  431. </div>

  432. 

  433. <div id="outline-container-org78ddece" class="outline-3">

  434. <h3 id="org78ddece"><span class="section-number-3">3.5.</span> Bash manual</h3>

  435. <div class="outline-text-3" id="text-3-5">

  436. <ol class="org-ol">

  437. <li>&#x2013;verbose - When verbose mode is used, bash doesn&rsquo;t hide extra information (prints it), including all the steps done of a script, bashrc commands, and other info.</li>

  438. <li>&#x2013;help - shows help message</li>

  439. <li>&#x2013;rcfile file - use &ldquo;file&rdquo; as a initialization file instead of ~/.bashrc</li>

  440. </ol>

  441. </div>

  442. </div>

  443. <div id="outline-container-org65d1d72" class="outline-3">

  444. <h3 id="org65d1d72"><span class="section-number-3">3.6.</span> Linux distributions I want to try</h3>

  445. <div class="outline-text-3" id="text-3-6">

  446. </div>

  447. <div id="outline-container-orgf7d803e" class="outline-4">

  448. <h4 id="orgf7d803e"><span class="section-number-4">3.6.1.</span> NixOS</h4>

  449. <div class="outline-text-4" id="text-3-6-1">

  450. <p>

  451. NixOS uses a unique package manager called nix that solves many problems of common package managers (e.g. apt), including dependency hell.

  452. Apart from the package manager, NixOS has single configuration file for the entire system.

  453. Moreover, NixOS saves different &ldquo;states&rdquo; of the OS, and a user can rollback, for example, to the yesterday&rsquo;s state of the OS if something breaks.

  454. </p>

  455. </div>

  456. </div>

  457. <div id="outline-container-org2fdefff" class="outline-4">

  458. <h4 id="org2fdefff"><span class="section-number-4">3.6.2.</span> Gentoo Linux</h4>

  459. <div class="outline-text-4" id="text-3-6-2">

  460. <p>

  461. Gentoo Linux also uses a unique package manager called Portage.

  462. To install software on Gentoo, Portage builds most of the packages from source and allows user to optimize the software for their own needs.

  463. Gentoo also allows to use OpenRC as an init system instead of systemd. Even though OpenRC doesn&rsquo;t have many features of systemd, it&rsquo;s significantly lighter and simpler than systemd.

  464. </p>

  465. </div>

  466. </div>

  467. <div id="outline-container-org9c9b380" class="outline-4">

  468. <h4 id="org9c9b380"><span class="section-number-4">3.6.3.</span> Artix Linux</h4>

  469. <div class="outline-text-4" id="text-3-6-3">

  470. <p>

  471. Artix Linux is essentially Arch Linux, but it gives several options for the init system, including OpenRC, runit, s6, and others.

  472. </p>

  473. </div>

  474. </div>

  475. <div id="outline-container-org1bf8e90" class="outline-4">

  476. <h4 id="org1bf8e90"><span class="section-number-4">3.6.4.</span> LFS</h4>

  477. <div class="outline-text-4" id="text-3-6-4">

  478. <p>

  479. LFS allows a user to build their own Linux distribution. I think it allows a user to learn many things about Linux.

  480. </p>

  481. </div>

  482. </div>

  483. <div id="outline-container-org896f88e" class="outline-4">

  484. <h4 id="org896f88e"><span class="section-number-4">3.6.5.</span> Alpine Linux</h4>

  485. <div class="outline-text-4" id="text-3-6-5">

  486. <p>

  487. Alpine Linux is a lightweight Linux distribution, since it uses musl libc instead of glibc and busybox instead of GNU coreutils. It&rsquo;s widely used in Docker Images, thus it&rsquo;s useful to learn Alpine Linux.

  488. </p>

  489. </div>

  490. </div>

  491. </div>

  492. <div id="outline-container-orgc4925a6" class="outline-3">

  493. <h3 id="orgc4925a6"><span class="section-number-3">3.7.</span> POSIX</h3>

  494. <div class="outline-text-3" id="text-3-7">

  495. <p>

  496. POSIX is a family of standards created to maintain compatibility between operating systems.

  497. For example, POSIX-compliant shell I mentioned earlier, is a shell that does things as mentioned in the POSIX standard for shells.

  498. If a script is POSIX-compliant, any POSIX-compliant shell can run it without issues and the script usually starts with #!/bin/sh

  499. Some of the information is taken from Wikipedia.

  500. </p>

  501. </div>

  502. </div>

  503. <div id="outline-container-org520649a" class="outline-3">

  504. <h3 id="org520649a"><span class="section-number-3">3.8.</span> Advantages of POSIX standards</h3>

  505. <div class="outline-text-3" id="text-3-8">

  506. <p>

  507. If a program is written with POSIX in mind, then it should work on other POSIX OSes too. Thus the portability increases.

  508. Since POSIX standards are public, everyone can create programs that can work and communicate with other POSIX-compliant programs.

  509. </p>

  510. </div>

  511. </div>

  512. <div id="outline-container-org7b5efac" class="outline-3">

  513. <h3 id="org7b5efac"><span class="section-number-3">3.9.</span> Slackware vs Debian</h3>

  514. <div class="outline-text-3" id="text-3-9">

  515. <p>

  516. Both distributions are old (29 years old), but both are still maintained.

  517. </p>

  518. 

  519. <p>

  520. Slackware tries to be stable and simple, thus makes as few changes to the software as possible. It uses pkgtool package management system.

  521. There are not that many packages available in Slackware, but users can use third-party repositories to install software or update the system.

  522. Slackware has a small team of developers, whereas Debian is an popular distribution, that has many maintainers.

  523. </p>

  524. 

  525. <p>

  526. Debian stable is widely used on servers, thanks to its stability and long-term support, while Debian unstable (rolling-release) and testing are used on PCs.

  527. Debian uses apt (with dpkg) package management system. There are many Linux distributions based on Debian, e.g. Ubuntu, MX linux, etc.

  528. </p>

  529. </div>

  530. </div>

  531. <div id="outline-container-org12183b1" class="outline-3">

  532. <h3 id="org12183b1"><span class="section-number-3">3.10.</span> uname -a</h3>

  533. <div class="outline-text-3" id="text-3-10">

  534. <p>

  535. Code:

  536. </p>

  537. <div class="org-src-container">

  538. <pre class="src src-bash">uname -a

  539. </pre>

  540. </div>

  541. 

  542. <pre class="example">

  543. Linux akemi 6.1.8-arch1-1 #1 SMP PREEMPT_DYNAMIC Tue, 24 Jan 2023 21:07:04 +0000 x86_64 GNU/Linux

  544. </pre>

  545. 

  546. 

  547. <ol class="org-ol">

  548. <li>Kernel name:

  549. Linux</li>

  550. <li>Hostname:

  551. akemi</li>

  552. <li>Kernel release version and kernel version:

  553. 6.1.8-arch1-1 #1 SMP PREEMPT_DYNAMIC Tue, 24 Jan 2023 21:07:04 +0000</li>

  554. <li>Hardware platform name:

  555. x86_64</li>

  556. <li>Operating system name:

  557. GNU/Linux</li>

  558. </ol>

  559. </div>

  560. </div>

  561. </div>

  562. </div>

  563. <div id="postamble" class="status">

  564. <p class="author">Author: Amirlan Sharipov (BS21-CS-01)</p>

  565. <p class="date">Created: 2023-02-02 Thu 16:34</p>

  566. </div>

  567. </body>

  568. </html>